The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
The Eighteenth Century: 1701 - 1799
The Nineteenth Century: 1800 - 1899
The Twentieth Century: 1900 - 1999
Reference Sources and Selected Links
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1600
European forests are becoming depleted, and shortages of wood effect various industries. In later years, coal, petroleum, hydroelectric and finally nuclear power sources are increasingly utilized. [Ponting 1991]
Mannerism in gardening.
1603
Hyde Park, London, opened to the public by King James
I.
Isagoges in Rem Herbarium. Spigelius. Important for
his instructions on making dried herbarium specimens.
Akbar the Great (1556-1605), Mogul emperor of India and garden lover.
Jerusalem
artichokes in the eastern U.S.
1607
Sassafras beverages are very popular in England. [Rupp 1990]
1612
The beginning of tobacco cultivation in
Virginia.
History of Agriculture in
Colonial America.
Florilegium. Emanuel Sweert. Flowering plants.
Europeans are introduced to drinking tea. Tea
products and information.
Dairy cows
brought to Jamestown colony in Virginia.
1613
Hortus Eystettensis. Besler. 660
species of flowering plants.
Florilegium Novum. Jean Theodore de Bry. Flowering
plants.
1615
The English Hus-Wife "Contayning
The inward and outward vertues which ought to be in a
compleat woman; As, her skill in Physicke, Cookery, Banqueting-stuffe, Distillation,
Perfumes, Wooll, Hemp, Flax,
Dayries, Brewing, Baking, and all other things belonging to an houshould."
Gervase Markham. London,
John Beale. Recipe for rice
pudding.
First shipment of green coffee
beans to a European city, Venice.
1618
The Country House-Wife's Garden. William
Lawson. Includes knot garden designs.
A New Orchard and Garden. William Lawson.
1621
First botanic garden in England, the Oxford Physic
Garden.
Americans are busy brewing
beer.
Novum organum. Frances Bacon. The scientific method
of observation and experiment is advocated.
The first American Thanksgiving feast was
celebrated in Plymouth Colony by the pilgrims and Massasoit Indians.
Katsura Rikyu
Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan
1623
Pinax. By Gaspard Bauhin. Exhaustive compilation of plant names and descriptions, later helpful to Linneaus.
1624
Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624), Pinax Theatri Botanici. Used a clear concept of genus and species in his botannical classification of 6,000 plants.
1625
Of Gardens. Francis Bacon.
An essay on the ideal 30 acre farm.
Corn porridge meals
in New York.
1629
Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris.
John Parkinson.
Native American Technology and Art
An excellent site developed by Tara Pringle. Lots of good information,
articles, and links.
Vegetables - Quotes for Gardeners
1630
The city of Constantinople is renowned for flower
gardens and horticulture for centuries before and after.
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ambassador from the court of Ferdinand I in
Vienna, brings back tulips and other bulbs given to him by Suleiman the Magnificent in
Istanbul, Turkey. The Dutch soon began growing tulips as a major cash crop.
The Dutch had greatly expanded their fertile agricultural land by over 400,000
acres by draining lakes and swamps with windmills and using dykes and levies to control
the water.
1633
The Herball or Generall Historie of Plants.
John Gerard. London, 1633. Thomas Johnson, editor,
Dover Publications, 1975.
1635
Yuan Yeh. Chi Ch'eng.
Treatise on Chinese rock gardens.
The Jardin des Plantes was established in Paris.
The peak of Tulip buying mania amonst wealthy Dutch collectors.
Life in the Jamestown colony.
1637
John Tradescant The Younger makes his first trip to Virginia, America.
1638
John Tradescant the Elder (1570
- 1638) Gardener to Charles I of England, and avid plant collector.
Honeybees introduced into the American colonies.
1642
In Japan, Matsudaira Yorishige greatly improves the Ritsurin Koen estate and
gardens in Takamatsu City, Shikoku island, Japan.
1646
Hesperides, sive De Malorum aureorum Cultura et Usus Libri Quator (Hesperides,
or Four Books on the Culture and Use of the Golden Apples). By J. B. Ferrarius.
A massive study (500 pages) of the cultivation of citrus
crops.
The use of greens and vegetables in salads.
1647
Rice cultivation begins in North and South Carolina. Sweet potato cultivation in Virginia. The New England rum industry uses sugar and molasses. The Caribbean islands grow sugar cane. [Root 1980]
1648
Jean Baptiste van Helmont conducts experiments with
water, soil and plants.
Agrarian revolution underway in Europe due to advantages of new crops
like potatoes.
1650
Of Agriculture By Abraham Cowley (1618-1667).
European Garden History Presented by Trans Europe Tours. Tours of famous 15th to 18th century gardens in England, Scotland, Wales, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Cultivating Canadian Gardens: A History of Gardening In Canada. Presented by the National Library of Canada. Interesting facts about Huron agriculture, Canadian flora, pioneer gardens, and 19th Century seed catalogs. Includes a bibliography, links, and photographs.
The Enchanted Gardens of the Renaissance Facts about three Renaissance gardens near Rome: Villa D'Este - Tivoli, Villa Lante - Bagnaia, Bomarzo's Sacred Groves.
Roman Catholic Archbishop Usher estimates that the world is 6000 years old, and Adam was alive in 4004 B.C..
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1652
A Design for Plentie, by a Universall Planting of
Fruit Trees. Samuel Hartlib.
The English Physician (Culpepper's Complete Herbal).
Nicholas Culpepper.
Coffee being used in England. Coffee
Specialties: Products and Information
Gardens in the Netherlands.
1653
A Treatise of Fruit Trees. Ralph A. Austen.
1654
Taj Mahal in India.
An American harvest feast.
1655
Ferrari, Giovanni Battista (1584-1655). Flora, Ouero, Cultura di Fiori.
1656
Musaeum Tradescantianum. John Tradescant the Younger (1608-1662). Plant collector.
The Tradescants' botanical garden at Lambeth, England, had over 1600 named plants in cultivation.
1659
Imperial garden, Katsura, in Japan.
Shugaku, pleasure garden in Kyoto, Japan.
1669
The Accomplisht Cook. By Robert May.
1663
The Compleat Gard'ner.
John Evelyn.
Kalendarium Hortense. John Evelyn.
Popular gardening almanac.
William Coles (1626-1662). The Art of Simpling.
1664
Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees. John Evelyn (Portrait)
1665
The
Age of Discovery
Flora. John Rea.
Micrographia. Robert Hooke. He
devised a useful lighted compound microscope. Described the celluar structure of
cork.
1670
First Scotish botanic garden, in Edinburgh.
The English Garden. Leonard Meager.
Yamato honzo (The Flora of Japan). Kaibara Ekken.
1671
The Anatomy of Plants by Nehemiah Grew and Anatome Plantarum Idea by Marcello Malpighi. Detailed works on the anatomy of plants.
1673
Chelsea Physic Garden in England founded by the Society of Apothecaries.
1676
Terra, a Philosophical Discourse of Earth.
John Evelyn.
Flora Ceres et Pomona. John Rea.
1677
Systema Horticulturae, or the Art of Gardening.
John Woolridge.
Nurseryman William Lucas's list of plants for sale.
1680
Cranberries in New Jersey.
1682
Methodus Plantarum Nova.
John Ray.
Heligan
("The Willows") Gardens, Cornwall, England. Lost Gardens of Heligan.
De Verstandige Kock, Dutch cooking.
1685
Upon
the Gardens of Epicurus; or, Of Gardening. By Sir William Temple
(1628-1699).
Rural Retirement to
English Gardens.
Bagels
made in Austria.
Summary of the late 17th Century achievements in microscopy.
1686
Historia Plantarum. John
Ray.
American kitchen gardens from 1600-1800 were planted based on
astrology, featured many herbs, used raised beds well dunged and dug in the autumn, and
were fenced in to keep animals out.
1690
Rice culture in South Carolina.
1697
Honcho shoku-kagami (Mirror of the Culinary Items of Japan). Hirano Hitsudai.
The History of Gardening Timeline
The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
The Eighteenth Century: 1701 - 1799
The Nineteenth Century: 1800 - 1899
The Twentieth Century: 1900 - 1999
Reference Sources and Selected Links
Copyrighted 1999 - 2002 by Michael P. Garofalo.
All rights
reserved.
I Welcome Your
Comments, Ideas, Contributions, and Suggestions
E-mail Mike Garofalo in Red Bluff, California
A Short Biography of Michael P. Garofalo
Gardening History Timeline: The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
27K, Version 4.3. March 1, 2002.
This document was first distributed on the Internet on January 1, 1999.
Index to the History of Gardening Timeline