As
gardening evolved, so too did the
countless ways in which a yard could be adorned
with plants, ponds, and other
forms of nature.
There are infinite styles of
landscaping tailored to each individual, and it
can be extremely exciting to find yours.
Throughout the history of gardening there has always been a
threat of pests.
However this has always been countered by using many forms of
pest control to keep gardens
safe and plentiful.
The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
The Eighteenth Century: 1701 - 1799
The Nineteenth Century: 1800 - 1899
The Twentieth Century: 1900 - 1999
Reference Sources and Selected Links
Home Process Philosophy Cloud Hands Blog
35,000 BCE (BCE = Before
the Common Era, or Before the Roman Era)
B.C. = Before Caesar (Julius
Caesar), or Before Christ (Jesus of Nazareth)
Before the Communications Era of Handwritten Books and Scholarly Libraries
(450 BCE - 450 CE)
BCE does not mean "Before the Christian Era."
Three persons, all offended Christians, have written to me to insist that I use
BC and AD. I'm not the only amateur scholar using BC and BCE.
There are numerous Internet resources that discuss this topic of dating schemes.
Actually, I would prefer BP = Before Printing and AP = After Printing
(Gutenberg, 1453-) to date the "Common Era." Many experts consider
the invention of printing as the most important invention of the last 1,000
years. There is no doubt that the widespread dissemination of knowledge
via printed books greatly changed the consciousness of modern man. We left
the "Dark Ages" and moved into the Renaissance.
Evidence from archeological sites (tools, corprolites) indicates that Homo Sapiens at the end of the Paleolithic period had knowledge of many plants dervied from food gathering techniques. Different kids of fruits, nuts, and roots were only gathered, not cultivated.
15,000 BCE
"The history
of the origin of human civilizations and agriculture is, of course, much older than the
documentation in the form of pyramids, inscriptions and bas-reliefs or tombs can tell
us. A close acquaintance with cultivated plants and with the multitude of types and
their differentiation into geographical groups as well as their frequently sharp
physiological isolation from each other compel us to refer the very origin of cultivated
plants to such remote epochs, where periods of 5-10,000 years such as concern
archeologists represent but a brief moment."
- N.I. Vavilow, Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants, 1987.
Dogs were used in
hunting in Iraq.
8500 BCE
In Mesopotamia,
humans raised domesticated goats, sheep, and cereal grains. Neolithic cultures involved
farming.
"Scientists have carried out carbon-14 testing of animal and plant remains and have
dated finds of domesticated
sheep at 9000 BC in northern Iraq; cattle in the 6th millennium BC in northeastern Iran;
goats at 8000 BC in
central Iran; pigs at 8000 BC in Thailand and 7000 BC in Thessaly; onagers, or asses, at
7000 BC in
Jarmo, Iraq; and horses at 4350 BC in Ukraine." Bio-Tech's History of Agriculture.
8000 BCE
"Certain cereals and pulses (legumes) were domesticated in very ancient times. In about 8000 BC in the Fertile Crescent of the Near and Middle East (present-day Syria, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Jordan, Israel), wheats, barley, lentil, pea, bitter vetch, chick-pea, and possibly faba bean, were brought into cultivation by the Neolithic people. These crops spread from the point of origin. Archaeological evidence indicates that the wheats, and some of the legumes, had reached Greece by 6000 BC and evidence of their presence within that millennium has been found in the Danube Basin, the Nile valley, and the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan). Dispersal continued throughout Europe, the crops reaching Britain and Scandinavia in 4,000-2,000 BC." - The New Oxford Book of Food Plants [Vaughan 1997]
"The first evidence for plant domestication is approximately10,000 years old, but the first society in which people were primarily dependent on domesticated crops and livestock does not appear until about 6,000 years ago."
Khabur Basin farming in Syria.
"The only factor that can account for the irreversible and nearly uniform emergence of agriculture throughout the world is the grown of populations beyond the size that hunting and gathering would support." Mark Cohen's Thesis. [Heiser 1990]
7000 BCE
People in Central America cultivate corn
and other crops.
People at Tepe Ali Khosh in Iran cultivated 'Emmer' and 'Einkorn'
wheat. [Baker 1978]
Gardening
myths
Chatal Huyuk
is the largest Neolithic site in the Near East.
Rice cultivation in Yangtze
Valley of China.
Apples cultivated
in southwestern Asia.
6000 BCE
Evidence of cultivation of wheat (but not breadwheat), barley (naked, not
hulled), and lentils were found in
the Neolithic Greek cultures
of Thessaly, Crete, and the Cyclades.
Evidence of rice
cultivation at Ho-mu-tu in South China; and, at Ban-po-ts'un in North China.
Oranges cultivated
in India and Tigris River Valley.
Cultivation of maize in Peru.
5000 BCE
Wild pod corn is cultivated in the Tehuacan valley in
Mexico. [Baker 1978]
Millet grown along the Yellow River (Huang Ho) in
China.
The Native people of North America inhabit river flood
plains and cultivate crops.
Irrigation begins in the Middle East. [Heiser 1990]
Cotton
grown in Mexico.
Domestication of some wild plants by people living in the Mississippi River drainage basin
Wine
making in Iran.
4800 BCE
Archeological evidence from Tehuacan in south central Mexico shows that maize, squash, chili peppers, avocados, and amaranth were cultivated. [Heiser 1990]
Domestication of citrus species in various parts of the world. Sweet Oranges by Stephen Hui.
4500 BCE
Evidence of managed woodlands in Britain.
4000 BCE
"As in the case of the cereals, the legumes are amongst the oldest crops cultivated by the human race. Between the cereals and legumes there is a parallel domestication: wheat, barley, pea, lentil, broad bean, and chick pea in West Asia and Europe; maize and common bean in Central America; ground nut in South America; pearl millet, sorghum, cowpea, and bambara groundnut in Africa; rice and soya bean in China." - - The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, xviii, 1997, by J. G . Vaughan and C. A. Geissler.
Farming in Mesopotamia by Sumerians. Hittites.
Indus Valley agriculture is very extensive: wheat, peas, sesame seed, barley, dates, mangoes.
3900 BCE
Rice grown in Southeast Asia, Korat area of Thailand.
Ancient World Web Index, Ancient
Scripts - Web Resources
3700 BCE
Uruk period of Sumerian agriculture.
3500
Egyptian agriculture using
extensive irrigation techniques.
Egyptian
garden art
Cotton growing and cotton
textiles quite advanced in India, and reamained so until the 13th century.
Ancient
Egyptian Horticulture and Agriculture
3000 BCE
Written manuals for the use of herbs in medicine
existed in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and in China. Herbal remedies were widely used by the ancient people.
Potatoes are cultivated in the Andes mountains of Peru.
Lost Crops of the Incas
"Of the two thousand or so species in the bulging genus Solanum,
about 170 are tuber-bearers. Of the tuber-bearers, only eight
are routinely cultivated and eaten by people, and most of these have stuck
pretty close to home in the Andes of Peru. Only
one has reached international stardom: S. tuberosum, commonly known as
the potato. The potato probably originated in Peru,
where indications are that it was domesticated over six thousand years ago by
high-altitude-dwelling ancestors of the Incas."
Blue Corn and Square Tomatoes: Unusual Facts about Common Garden Vegetables.
By Rebecca Rupp. Garden Way
Publishing 1987.
Egyptians in the Nile Valley manufacturing and wearing cotton clothes.
Egyptian tomb paintings show walled gardens with fish ponds and fruit trees.
Carved water basin from Tello in Mesopotamia. [Hirst 1999]
Olives
cultivated in Crete and Syria.
Farming in India.
2700 BCE
Rhubarb cultivated in China for
medicinal purposes.
Egyptians used over 500 plants, wild and cultivated, for medicinal
purposes. Egyptian wine
making.
Chinese Emperor Shen Nung's plant classification lists.
Hemp
cultivation in China.
2500 BCE
Rice
was an important food in Mohenjo-Daro
near the Arabian Sea, and in the Yangtze Basin in China.
Cotton was cultivated and its fibers spun and woven in Peru and the
Indus Valley of Asia. [Baker 1978]
Figs, grape vines, pomegranates, and dates in cultivation in Egypt and
Asia. The first garden art was probably decorated grape arbors [Gothein 1928].
Olive trees cultivated in Crete.
Farming in England.
2000 BCE
Native
Americans are growing many varieties of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, as well as
using many wild plants as foods.
Egyptians making paper from the papyrus plant. Watermelon
cultivated in Africa, tea and bananas in India, apples in the
Indus Valley.
I Welcome Your Comments and Suggestions
1750 BCE
The Hammurabic Code. Includes sections on maintaining irrigation canals and ditches, and property laws regarding gardens.. Sumerian "Farmer's Almanac."
1495 BCE
Queen Hatshepsut
of Egypt imports trees from conquered territory in North Africa.
Farming in
Ancient Egypt
One of the oldest surviving garden plans is for the garden of a court
official in Thebes.
1300 BCE
Ramses II has apples cultivated along the Nile.
1167 BCE
Ramses III, Egyptian King, (1198-1167) benefactor to many grand temple gardens and public buildings.
1275 BCE
The Torah establishes rules for kosher food.
1000 BCE
Irrigation begins in in Mexico. [Heiser 1990]
Sacred
Places: Trees and the Sacred.
Tiglath
Pileser I, King in Mesopotamia, enthusiastic gardener
800 BCE
Peanuts cultivated in Peru.
Farming in Africa.
700 BCE
Works and Days by Hesiod.
Flowers - Quotes for Gardeners
540 BCE
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Built by slaves
and peasants directed by King Nebuchadnezzar II.
Sugar cane grown
along the Indus River.
485 BCE
King Darius the Great (521-485) and his paradise garden in Persia.
440 BCE
Herodotus of Halicarnassos (484-426) writes on history, customs and life in the ancient world.
377 BCE
Hippocrates (circa 460-377) Greek physician. Wrote 87 treatises. Many herbal remedies.
350 BCE
Gardens at the Academy, Athens, Greece
Natural history references in the Jewish
sacred scriptures - Pentateuch.
Trees: Living Links to
the Classical Past. By John M. McMahon.
322 BCE
Aristotle
(384-322) Greek philosopher and scientist.
Wrote 26 treatises on natural science.
On Plants, Parts of Animals, On the Soul,
Generation, Physics, On the Heavens.
Theophrastus inherited Aristotle's botanic
garden in Athens, and many of Aristotle's treatises.
Books on plants and gardening written by Theophrastus.
One of his books: De
Causis Plantarum.
Theophrastus
is considered by some to be the "Father of Botany."
Exchange of information, seeds and plants between Greece and Persia.
301 BCE
History of Plants and Theoretical Botany by Theophrastus.
Trees: Living Links to the Classical Past.
By John M. McMahon.
Summary
of Greek biology.
Rice growing in Japan.
271 BCE
Epicurus (341-271)
used a large garden for gatherings and walks. The Philosophy Garden
Upon the Gardens
of Epicurus; or, Of Gardening. By Sir William Temple, 1685.
207 BCE
The opulent and extensive gardens and palace of the first Chinese emperor Ch'in Shih Huang-ti were burned by peasants and Confucian rebels.
200 BCE
King Dutthagamini in India has a large artwork of the Sacred Fig
Tree (Buddha's tree) made of precious materials and placed in the Great Gold Dust Dagoba
park and gardens.
Gardens at Pompeii, Italy
[Helphand 1977]
Greco-Roman
eating, drinking, farming, farming and starving exhibit.
Almonds cultivated in
Greece.
Cultivation and trade of coconuts
between East Africa and India.
The Hopewellian farming
culture in Ohio, North America, is thriving.
149 BCE
Cato
(234-149) wrote on the simple country life.
De Agriculture, by Cato the Elder, emphasizes planting olives
and grapes.
100 BCE
Grain harvesting at Karanis, Egypt
The Shang Lin (Great Grove) immense imperial garden of the Chinese
emperor Wu-ti.
Shanlin
Yuan ("yuan" is chinese for "garden") occupied over 1000 km˛ and
contained more than 300 palaces.
The Four Seasons - Quotes for Gardeners
87 BCE
The royal park and gardens of the Chinese Emperor Wu Ti (140-87) in
West China, Chang-an.
The Roman's staple grain was spelt.
40 BCE
De Re Rustica. Varro (116-27). Roman agriculture. Varro was a prolific author, and he noted that there were over 40 known treatises available on the subject in 40 BCE.
29 BCE
Georgics. Virgil. Roman rural
life.
Celtic Druids and
Sacred Trees
50 A.D. = "Anno Domini" in
Latin or "the year of the Lord" in English. Or ...
CE = Common
Era. The word "common" simply means that this is the most
frequently used calendar system: the Gregorian Calendar.
It does not mean "Christian Era."
De Materia Medica. Dioscorides the Greek. Herbal medicine.
60 CE
De Re Rustica, On Agriculture and Trees ...
Columella.
79 CE
Natural History (Naturalis Historica). Pliny the Elder (23-79). Roman naturalist.
90 CE
De Aquae Ductibus. Frontinus. Waterworks in the garden and farm.
105 CE
Tuscan villa at the base of the Apennies
Tai-yu's garden in
China. Fiction by John P. Rastello.
|
Months
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| January | April | July | October |
| February | May | August | November |
| March | June | September | December |
113 CE
Pliny the Younger (61-113) Letters about villa gardens.
138 CE
Emperor Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli.
Karanis, a
farming town in Roman Egypt.
250 CE
The administrators of the Roman Empire (circa 100 BCE - 500 AD) actively exchanged information on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, hydraulics, and botany. Seeds and plants were widely shared.
Chinese making paper from rags, bark, hemp and other fibrous materials. [Baker 1978]
I Welcome Your Comments and Suggestions
400 CE
The Palace Garden at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka
460 CE
Sidonius writes about his Roman villa in Lac d'Aydat in Auvergne,
France.
Flora of Southeast Asia (Nan-fang ts'ao-mu chuang) by Hui-lin
Li.
Chinese "scholar gardens."
Eggplants
cultivated in China and India.
550 CE
Domestication of coffee takes place in Arabia until 800.
[Baker 1978] Coffee
drinking popular in Arabia.
In the year 2000, coffee imports and exports are second only to oil on
the world trade market.
560 CE
Ono No Imoko, Japanese Buddhist priest and scholar, living by
a lake "ikebono", developed an elemental Ikebana flower arrangement style.
Mayan
agriculture research
Various styles of fountains and
water gardens reflect Persian, Indian and Roman influences.
618 CE
The Chinese emperor Yang-ti constructs the vast imperial garden
called The Western Garden.
Suzho, China
- "City of Gardens"; Pi Jiang Garden.
Arabs in Persia are
impressed by gardening concept of chahar bagh.
670 CE
St. Fiacre - Patron Saint
of Gardeners ( 620-670)
Sacred Trees of the Celts
735 CE
Venerable Bede, Saint Bede (673-735) English historian, scholar,
and theologian.
De Natura Rerum - Medieval science. Many
notes on monastic kitchen gardens.
750 CE
Use of the Green Man in art and lore becomes widespread in Christian Europe. Internet resources include: The Search for the Green Man and Who is the Green Man. Books on the subject include: Green Man: The Archetype of Our Oneness with the Earth by William Anderson, 1990. The Green Man by Kathleen Basford, 1978. The Jack in The Green by Roy Judge, 1979.
Arabs capture Chinese papermakers at Samarkand and adopt the process for papermaking.
760 CE
Hindu and Arabic mathematicians and thinkers are using a decimal arithmetic.
Farmers and gardeners frequently keep detailed logs of their work, and decimal
arithmetic is widely used to track important details, e.g., costs of plants and materials,
percentage of plants in a batch of cuttings that took, quarts of berries picked, current
supermarket price of fresh green beans, etc..
800 CE
The city of Baghdad is a center of Arab Islamic culture.
Extensive scientific work on agriculture and botany for many centuries before and after.
Soft soap
making widespread.
Chinese garden concepts and
the Foolishman's Garden.
812 CE
Charlemagne
(742-812) King of Franks, Emperor of Western Europe, patron of arts, sciences, and
literature. Experimented with plants in a private garden and coordinated planting
efforts on estates.
Plants in Medieval
gardens.
850 CE
Hortulus- Liber de Cultura Hortorum (Book Concerning the
Cultivation of Gardens). Walafridus Strabo (809-849).
Viking Age
Foodstuffs
900 CE
Cordova, Moorish
Spain, center for botanical studies and libraries and learning. Information.
Byzantine and Medieval Studies Links
Tofu commonly eaten in China.
Japanese
gardening aesthetics and history.
1044 CE
The
Great Hunger of 1044: The Progress of a Medieval Famine
Sacred
Trees in Celtic Traditions
1050 CE
Tale of Genji. Japanese court novel describes
aristocratic gardens.
A Chinese scholar's
garden.
Medieval technology timeline.
1080 CE
The Book of Agriculture. Ibn Bassal, Arab
botanist, plant collector, and horticulturist.
Farming
in Dartmoor, England.
1085 CE
The great Arab libraries in Toledo, Spain, provide Europeans access to sophisticated Islamic and Greek writings in science and agriculture. The success of Arab agriculture in Andalusia, Spain, is renowned.
Horizontal looms are used in Europe.
Cloud Hands: Tai Chi Chuan and Qigong
1094 CE
Sakuteiki. Tachibana no Toshitsuna.
Japan treatise on garden design.
1120 CE
The Chinese emperor Hui-tsung has the famous Ken Yeh Garden
"The Impregnable Peak" constructed.
Manor
system in Europe. A manor was roughly 900 to 2,000 acres of arable land.
Hard soaps
in wide use.
1130 CE
Percussion drilling of wells in
France..
1140 CE
1150 CE
The use of windmills for grinding
grains.
1160 CE
1180 CE
Al-Awwam writing on Andalusian agriculture and garden design.
Moorish Spain.
Ibn Baitar
writing on medicinal plants: Collection of Simple Drugs and Food.
1191 CE
Tea from China becomes popular in Japan.
1227 CE
Vatican botanical garden founded. A medicinal or physic garden
which still exists today, although in a different location.
St.
Frances of Assisi (1182-1126). A holy man now known for his love of animals and
nature, and his kindness.
1250 CE
The Japanese Buddhist priest Eisai (1141-1215) utilized a tea ritual as
praticed in Chinese Buddhist temples.
Medieval European views about the
spontaneous generation of organisms.
The wheelbarrow makes its
way into European books.
1260 CE
De vegetabilibus. Saint Albert the Great. (1193-1280).
1280 CE
Marco Polo visits the palace garden of the Mogol ruler, Kubilai, in China. Then he reports on visiting the famous Hsi Hu (West Lake) imperial gardens in the largest and probably most advanced city in the world at the time - (Kinsay) Hangchou, China. He brought some new pasta making techniques back to Europe.
1305 CE
Opus Ruralium Commodorum, by Petrus de Crescentiis of
Bologna.
Medieval
agriculture.
1339 CE
Koki-dera (Moss Garden) of Muso Soseki, Japan.
Herding
dogs used on European manors.
1350 CE
The great formal gardens of the Moorish Arabs (e.g.,
Generallife in the Alhambra, Granada,
Spain) set standards.
Decameron. Giovanni Boccaccio. County
gardens provide a retreat for those fleeing the plague.
1357 CE
The Black Death in Europe. A plague that reduced
the population of Europe by 60%.
Alcazar
gardens in Seville, Spain.
1390 CE
Forme of Cury: A Roll of Ancient English Cookery.
1400 CE
1450 CE
Illustrations for Designing Mountain, Water, and
Hillside Field Landscapes. Zoen, Japanese landscape architect.
Emperor Yoshimasa of Japan made flower arrangement part of universal
education.
Johann Gutenberg began printing with moveable type in Mainz, Germany.
By 1500, the world of ideas would never be the same in Western Europe because of
this single invention.
Medieval gingerbread
candy.
1460 CE
The Gart der Gesundheit. Printed
in Mainz. Herbal medicine.
Hortus Sanitatis. Printed in Mainz.
Herbal medicine.
Fifteenth Century Life in
Europe - Roses
1470 CE
De re aedificatoria. Leone
Battista Alberti (1404-1472). Renaissance scholar.
The Topkapi Palace in Turkish Constantinople has renowned fruit trees,
gardens and landscaping.
Ottoman Turks introduce coffee to Constantinople.
"The world's first coffee shop, Kiva Han, opens in 1475."
Pietro Creszenzi of Bologna compiled ancient works into The Opus Ruralium
Commodorum.
Encyclopedia by Bartholomeus
Anglicus. Apples
and apple cider.
1480 CE
Giovanni Medici's villa
garden.
Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, may be the birthplace of the hot dog.
1490 CE
Temple garden of Royanjii, Japan.
1492 CE
Voyage of Christopher Columbus from
Spain to the edge of the Americas.
The beginning of plant exchanges between
Europe and the Americas.
Christopher Columbus: A Culinary History
1497 CE
Portuguese control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.
Reminder:
You can search the Spirit of Gardening website.
Search Tips and Advanced Atomz Searching Techniques for Searching the Spirit of Gardening Website
1510 CE
Sunflowers from South America introduced in Spain.
1513 CE
Daisen-in garden in Koyoto, Japan. Designed by
So-ami. This is a famous dry garden (Kare-Sanuui).
Hampton Court
Gardens, England. By Linda Johnson.
1516 CE
First use of the term 'herbal' per the Oxford English Dictionary.
1528 CE
Hernando Cortes introduces vanilla beans, fava beans, cocoa, sweet potatoes, and haricot to Spain.
1529 CE
Historia General de Nueva Espana. Bernardino de Sahugun. Aztec gardening arts reported.
1530 CE
Gardens of Babur (1483-1530), Mughal Emperor, in Persia
and India.
Persian botanical art, particularly miniatures, is renowned.
Plants exchanged
between Europe and the Americas.
1533 CE
Oldest university chair of botany in Europe, founded in
Padua by the Venetian Republic.
Spainards started caco tree plantations in Venezuela and Trinidad.
Jokes, Riddles and Humor for Gardeners
1535 CE
Nature Mysticism of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim (1487-1535) and Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493-1541).
1543 CE
Europe's first bontanic garden, established in Pisa by
botany professor Luca Ghini.
Potatoes and tomatoes from South America, via
Spain, cultivated in Europe.
1545 CE
The Ikenobo School "formulated the principles of rikka arrangements by naming the seven principal branches used in that type of arrangement."
1550 CE
Villa Medici in Rome.
Europe's first museum of natural history in Bologna.
The first printed almanacs in English become available.
1555 CE
Georgius Agricola [George Buaer}
(1494-1555) German geologist, metallurgist, and paleontologist.
Carolus Clusius, Dutch botanist, cultivating tulip bulbs imported from
Constantinople.
Fuch's
Botanical. Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566).
1557 CE
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry: A Book
of Huswifery. Thomas Tusser.
Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdes (1478-1557) Described flora of New World.
Bontanical book treasures in the Vatican
Library.
1561 CE
De Historia Plantarum. Valerius Cordus.
1568 CE
William Turner (1510-1568), "Father of English Botany."
1569 CE
Nicolas Monardes writing about the botany of the New
World based on Spanish accounts.
The Profitable Arte of Gardening. Thomas
Hill. Herbal medicine.
Camembert cheese
production in France.
1570 CE
Villa d'Este, Little Rome, constructed at Tivoli,
Italy. Elaborate water garden.
Spanish explorers bring potatoes back to
Europe.
Francisco Hernandez, private physician to Philip II of Spain, explores
the New World and reports on over 1,000 plants considered of medicinal value. This
research was not published until 1651 as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae.
The Enchanted Gardens of the Renaissance Facts about three Renaissance gardens near Rome: Villa D'Este - Tivoli, Villa Lante - Bagnaia, Bomarzo's Sacred Groves.
Quotes for Gardeners
Quotes, Sayings, Proverbs, Poetry, Maxims, Quips,
Cliches, Adages, Wisdom
A Collection Growing to Over 2,000 Quotes, Arranged by 105 Topics
Many of the Documents Include Recommended Readings and Internet Links.
Compiled by Michael P. Garofalo
1576 CE
Conrad Heresbach (1496-1576) The Whole Art and Trade of Husbandry, Contained in Foure Bookes.
1577 CE
Gardener's Labyrinth. Thomas
Hill (Didymus Mountain).
Sultan
Murad III had the area of Anatolian Maras send him 100,000 hyacinth bulbs.
1580 CE
Villa Lante, Renaissance garden, Bagnaia, Italy.
1583 CE
Great Pharmacopoeia. Li
Shih-Chen (Li Shi-Zhen). Chinese botanist. Botanical medicine.
De Plantis Libri. Andrea Cesalpino. A very
important book in the history of botany. Plants grouped by physical characteristics
(morphology) rather than by medicinal properties.
1586 CE
Sir Frances Drake brings sassafras and
potatoes from America to
England. [Rupp 1990]
Gardens in the Netherlands.
Vicino Orsini's
garden at Bomarzo, Italy.
The Good Huswifes Handmaid for Cookerie in her Kitchen.
Make a apple orange tart.
1591 CE
Sen no Soyeki or Rikyu (1522-1591).
Japanese tea master, poet, and garden lover.
Tea.
A great selection of teas and teaware; and some good information about tea.
I Welcome Your Comments and Suggestions
1593 CE
First French botanic garden in Montpellier. Influenced by Moorish Spain.
1595 CE
Frances Bacon prepares lists of common garden plants.
Floriculture and plant collecting are very popular in England and the Low Countries.
1597 CE
The Herbal of Generall Historie of Plants.
John Gerard. 1360 pages.
The Dutch take over from the Portuguese in contolling the spice trade
in the Indian Ocean.
1600 CE
European forests are becoming depleted, and shortages of wood effect various industries. In later years, coal, petroleum, hydroelectric and finally nuclear power sources are increasingly utilized. [Ponting 1991]
Mannerism in gardening.
The History of Gardening Timeline
The Seventeenth Century: 1600 - 1699
The Eighteenth Century: 1701 - 1799
The Nineteenth Century: 1800 - 1899
The Twentieth Century: 1900 - 1999
Reference Sources and Selected Links
More Quotes
for
Gardeners
Spirituality and Concerns of the Soul
Simplicity
and the Simple Life
Pulling Onions
Quips, Maxims and Observations by Michael P.
Garofalo
Haiku and Zen Poetry - Links and References
Cliches for Gardeners and Farmers
Quotes
for Gardeners
Quotes, Sayings, Proverbs, Poetry, Maxims, Quips,
Cliches, Adages, Wisdom
A Collection Growing to Over 2,000 Quotes, Arranged by 105 Topics
Many of the Documents Include Recommended Readings and Internet Links.
Compiled by Michael P. Garofalo
Copyrighted 1999 - 2003 by Michael P. Garofalo. All rights reserved.
I Welcome Your Comments, Ideas, Contributions,
and Suggestions
E-mail Mike Garofalo in Red Bluff, California
A Short Biography of Mchael P. Garofalo
Gardening History Timeline: From Ancient Times to 1600.
67K, Version 3.3. January 1, 2003
This document was first distributed on the Internet on January 1, 1999.
Cloud Hands: Tai Chi Chuan and Qigong
Index to the History of Gardening Timeline